A Water Filled Radiator for Domestic Heating Essay

As the winter sets in its time for all of us to look for space heaters that causes less inconveniences and inefficiencies compared to the conventional ones. Most of the older ones available in the market is found to consume considerable amount of energy and also result in skyrocketing the energy bills. Further, the noise it generates is another aspect that needs to be eliminated in any type of product model used for space heating. The disturbance its fans would cause to the indoor environment would prevent any peaceful reading activity or undertaking any work that demands a quiet ambiance. The poor material choice on internal moving parts is another problem that might result in improper operation. The clogging of the air intake pipes with rust and dust is a common problem that most of the heater service men are forced to handle frequently. In addition to these, poor thermostats in these units often result in the wide variations in the indoor temperatures causing severe irritations and cannot ensure consistent comfort levels. The equipment if had the flexibility in operation like option to adjust its wattage level would result in higher energy efficiency and lower cost of power. It would also be better if it causes very less inconvenience in its assembly and installation. Some of the equipments in the market had cumbersome process in its assembly which needed any strong support of the installation manual and personnel, which certainly need to be addressed in any of the new models. And ultimately the buyers need to feel the cost effectiveness of the product that can turn out to be the best valued piece for the space-heating requirement. (Mmclynne, 2008) Most of the house doesn’t have uniform thermal environment in the house. The kids space have considerable lower level of temperature causing severe discomfort levels. The installing the water filled radiator heater have found significant advantages over the other type of models available in the market. The major attraction on these units are the total absence on the noise and the awkward operational steps that most of the earlier models had. The opinion from various users were tremendous and all of them unanimously favored the water filled radiator heaters. The positive opinion being given for the Holmes Water Filled Radiator Heaters clearly establishes the merit of these type of models for their efficiency and effectiveness. Most of the operators were amazed on the total elimination of the noise for this type of models as they hardly realized whether the system was working. On the electricity bills too, all the users realized significant reduction in their bills and the heating offered was uniform thus if a parameter like volume heated per unit energy consumed the Holmes model outclassed most of the conventional ones as it ensured uniform heating across the entire room space rather than partial heating observed in the other types. Even the safety aspect the Holmes model has considered in design is enormous. Though the external surface is at a slightly higher temperature even the kids were not hurt when they tried to have a feel their surface when in operation. Most of the buyers have rated it as the most valued product for the money. Specification of the Product The technical specification of the product is as follows (Holmes, n. d. ) Wattage : low to high variability in operation 100 W to 1500 W Working voltage : 120 V AC (60 Hz) Effective control of heat generated using better control of thermostats. Better safety features with automatic cut off and strong carrying case. User friendly fan heater with access control from the top Measures approximately 2. 5 to 3 pounds. Product Design Philosophy The significant difference in the product design statement exist in the water filled radiator based water heaters. The principle heat transfer mechanism is through convection. The radiator type of heaters undertakes the heating of the rooms trough the convective movement of the air for circulating the warm air for the entire volume. Another major advantage in design of this type of system is that it is not required to function on a high power level for heating the entire room space. These types of units consume very low levels of energy as they are able to cycle between the wattages in their effort to make the inner space at the design temperature levels. Besides these, these units also help to eliminate the problems caused from the corrosion of the metal components and the problems caused from the highly combustible nature. As the water is the major liquid in the water heater radiator type room heaters, the problems of corrosion and possibility for combustion can be eliminated. The space heaters are unavoidable gadgets in the cold regions across he world. To give a better thermal environment is necessary to make the indoor stay more comfortable. These heaters vary in size quite differently from the being a small portable heater to large wall or ceiling mounted heaters that are most fixed permanently. The small and portable ones are preferred in the residential units while the permanent ones are preferred in large industrial and commercial centres, though the exceptions always exist. On the different type of fuels being used in them, it could be either electricity, natural gas, biomass or any liquid fuels like furnace oils. They are mostly applied or chosen in some of the situations that necessitate to isolate the part of facility in a central heating system or heating a small unit space in an generally unheated area etc. The efficiency of the system is measured based on the intended use of the system and the expectation of a customer from using it. The illogically using a space heater would result in higher consumption of energy with very low levels of comfort to the occupants. But when done in the most appropriate application these devices can ensure the desired comfort levels and lesser energy costs. Comparison of different type of space heaters -Radiant and Convective The radiant heaters operate on the similar principles of any heat-radiating body. The simplest example is the sun where the sun rays emits large amount of radiation and tries to warms up any body, which receives the radiation. This type of equipments emits the radiation only in some specific direction and the bodies or objects placed in the direction of the emitted source would receive them and helps in the heat gain. The radiating heaters can be operated either on electricity or on any other type of fuel like propene, kerosene or natural gas (MGE, n. d. ). The heating elements in the radiating type heaters are also of different types. The important ones being quartz tubes, carbon tubes , halogen lamps or metal coils. In order to have a uniform spread of heat in different direction, rather than heating up in some specified direction, some of the radiant type heaters use reflectors. Thus these type of heaters are ideal for heating the specific objects than large volumes of spaces and hence is recommended in large open spaces with less openings or hindrances. The bodies that need to be heated must be located in the direction of emission of heat rays . These bodies absorb the temperature when the rays fall them and as the temperature of such bodies increases and they in turn transfer some of the heat to the neighbouring volume of air too. This helps in the complete rise in the temperature of air volume in its surrounding (MGE, n. d. ). It is also recommended to have some percentage of fresh air for mixing up with the inside air in order to avoid the build up of excessive accumulation of pollutants in the enclosed space. If the objective is to receive the heat only for a very short interval of time then the radiant heaters are the ideal choice. The radiant heaters don’t heat up the entire space uniformly and just transfers heat to the occupant and the immediate neighborhood and hence ensure higher efficiency for these type of purpose. The convection heaters operate based on the ability of the hot air to move across the entire space that required to be heated. It depends on the natural movement of the rising hot air. The equipments allow the cold air to move into its compartment and warms it up and then releases into the desired space that need to be at a higher temperature (MGE, n. d. ). Thus it tries to warms up the air directly and the objects would gain heat from the air that is at a higher temperature. Thus they are the most ideal for the small enclosed spaces or rooms that are well insulated and cut off from the surrounding. They are available in different type of designs like the electric heater based radiator and water or oil filled heaters. The water filled radiant heaters are among the high efficient devices in the class of convective heaters. The heating element placed in the bath of water is heated as the unit is turned on it will result in heating the surrounding air. The heated air is allowed to move through the room based on the principles of natural convection. These heaters require fresh supply of air to maintain consistency in its operation (MGE, n. d. ) References Andi, (15 February 2008) , Holmes Water filled heater wars my heart Retrieved from < http://www. propsandpans.com/2008/02/15/holmes-water-filled-heater-warms-my-heart/ > on 16 August 2010 Holmes (n. d. ) , Owners guide, Retreived from < http://www. holmesproducts. com /Manuals/MANUALS/HFH110-UM_43_77278402. PDF. on 16 August 2010 MGE (n. d. ), Business energy advisor, http://www. mge. com/business/saving/BEA/_escrc_0013000000DP22YAAT-2_BEA1_PA_PA_Heating_PA-59. html on 16 August 2010 Mclynne, J. A. (9 January 2008) Proccut review Holmes water filled whole room radiator model , HWH 2605 http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/520241/product_review_holmes_water_filled. html? cat=5 on 16 August 2010

Explain what is meant by: Diversity and Equality Essay

Equality means that every human being is to be treated in the same way and once cannot differentiate between people, being cause of their faith, sexuality, nationality, gender or age. Everyone is to be treated fairly and equally. Each person has the right to be treated with respect and has the right to participate with others. Equality though does not mean identical treatment. To make each human being equally successful one must analyze each person as an individual and take care of that particular person’s needs according to his/her circumstances. The goal however has to be that each individual is reaching the same target however in his own best possible way, but at the end the same goal is successfully reached. To promote equality one must enhance the person’s capabilities to participate in society without any prejudice and as equal no matter what. Everyone has the right as an individual to have an equal opportunity and make the most of their lives and also should beli eve that they do not have less chances of succeeding because of where they come from, their beliefs or a disability. Diversity means that every human being though they are all different (character, culture, colour, religion, race, sexuality & gender) yet we are all somehow the same. To accept diversity one must accept and value one’s differences. Basically the word diversity is very similar to the meaning of equality however diversity promotes the approach and aims to identify the importance of human beings being difference from one another. Being different is a positive thing and makes the world colorful. Without Diversity life would be boring and everyone would be the same, no fresh ideas, no creation and without any improvement what so ever. Diversity is what makes the world move forward. When this approach is managed in the work setting the employees pitch in to give their full potential. Diversity challenges us to identify all sorts of differences and appreciate them in order to make our surroundings a better place for everyone to work. Inclusion means that one has to make sure that all the children and young people regardless of their environment they are brought up in, or what problems they might have, gender, disability religion etc. they have equal access to education and are able to participate in full.

Kilauea Volcano

Located in the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii and the Hawaiian Islands are the cone-shaped tops of gigantic ocean volcanoes. Located in the southeast region of the Island of Hawaii, Kilauea sits on the flank (or the side) of the active Mauna Loa volcano, and is one of five shield volcanoes that together form the Island of Hawaii. Kilauea is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth, and it is the youngest. Kilauea stands just under 4,200 feet tall above sea level at its highest point. The staff of the U. S. Geological Survey at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory currently lists Kilauea’s Volcano Alert Level as watch  and its Aviation Color Code as orange. Kilauea is studied and constantly monitored because of its continuous lava flow. Kilauea is a broad shield volcano which is a gently sloping mountain made from a large number of usually very fluid lava flows. It is also locally interbedded with deposits of explosive eruptions. Eruptions at Kilauea happen mainly either from the summit caldera or along either of two long rift zones (East and Southwest) that extend from the caldera and run approximately parallel to the coastline and extend to the sea on both sides. Rift zones are fractured zones of weakness within the volcano. The Southwest rift zone is very active and has a desert effect. The crater located at this rift is called Pu’u ‘O’o; the East rift zone is called the Kupaianaha crater. Steam and sulfur vents can be seen and smelt in different areas on Kilauea. The surface of Kilauea is about 90% lava flow less than 1,100 years old, and 70% of the surface is younger than 600 years. The Kilauea summit caldera is about two miles wide and more than three miles long. A caldera is the actual caving in of the top of the mountain. The summit caldera houses the crater. The high summit of Kilauea is caused by more frequent eruptions than other locations on the volcano. The crater is the main vent inside the caldera, the opening through which lava flows. Eruptions from Kilauea are known for creating volcanic smog (vog). This smog affects many areas of the Hawaiian Islands, including Oahu and Honolulu whenever winds come out of the south or southeast. The estimated age of the earliest above ground (subaerial) eruptions of Kilauea is between 50,000-100,000 years. The last eruption began on January 3, 1983 to the present. During this time, the lava flows have unfortunately caused destruction of nearly 200 houses, resurfaced over 13km of highway with lava, destroyed the National Park visitor center, and a 700 year-old Hawaiian Temple. It has also added new coastline to the island. There are no signs that the current eruption is slowing or will end anytime soon. Kilauea has little vegetation. Kilauea has the volcano status of Historical. Kilauea has had 61 historical eruptions, not counting the continuous lava-lake activity in the crater. The oldest dated rocks from Kilauea are 23,000 years old. The Island of Hawaii sits on (almost in the middle of) the Pacific Plate. The Pacific Plate is a giant jigsaw piece of the Earth’s crust that is slowly moving in a northwesterly direction. It moves about four inches a year. There is a basically stationary hot spot deep within the Earth’s mantle. Heat from this hot spot makes molten lava and rock (magma) that rises through the Pacific Plate and erupts continuously on the ocean floor. After thousands of eruptions and over many many years, an island forms a rocky mass above sea level. It is estimated that Kilauea began to form about 300,000-600,000 years ago, and has been active ever since. Kilauea rose above the surface of the sea as an island approximately 50,000-100,000 years ago. Through geologic studies of surface exposures and drillhole samples, it is known that Kilauea is made mostly of lava flows. Research over the past few decades shows that Kilauea has its own magma-plumbing system, extending to the surface from more than 60km deep in the Earth. On an average day, Kilauea puts out several hundred thousand cubic yards of lava. It also causes frequent earthquakes, but many of them are small enough that only a few people feel them. In Hawaiian the word Kilauea means â€Å"spewing† or â€Å"much spreading†, referring to the continuous lava flow. Kilauea is the home of Pele, the Hawaiian fire and volcano goddess. Several special lava formations are named after Pele. Pele’s Tears are small droplets of lava that cool in the air and keep their teardrop shapes. They are jet black in color. Pele’s Hair are thin, brittle strands of volcanic glass that often form during the explosions that occur with a lava flow, usually from lava fountains. Kilauea Crater is part of the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Kilauea is the Earth’s most visited active volcano. Unlike most other active volcanoes, Kilauea is approachable, is world-famous, and has been called the â€Å"drive-up† volcano because of the easy access to many of its areas of volcanic activity, especially the summit caldera. I wanted my landform to be in the USA! I chose Kilauea because it is in Hawaii, and one of the most active volcanoes in the world. I thought it would be cool to research.

Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Germany - Essay Example Controversies also were caused because some companies doing work on the memorial colluded with the Nazi’s and other Jewish groups felt the memorial was unnecessary. Another surprising controversy was the inclusion of an underground information center. Some Jewish groups felt that the inclusion of this center was designed to make the memorial a tourist destination. They said that the memorial speaks for itself and there is no need for a special center. The underground location was praised because it did not detract from the purpose of the memorial visually, but it still created controversy. In the United States, many memorials and monuments serve a dual purpose. They try to commemorate or bring to remembrance the tragic or joyful events of a culture or civilization, while focusing on the current state of that civilization as well. There is a Jewish Holocaust Museum in Washington D.C. but no museum for American genocide because there is a National Native American Museum. The genocide is featured, but not the focus of the exhibit. Maybe Americans have a hard time facing the fact that we have made horrible mistakes in how we have behaved in the past. That is why we do not focus solely on one tragic aspect of the past when building our monuments, museums and

Joseph Heler Cheese Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Joseph Heler Cheese - Essay Example The company’s market dominance is explained in terms of the multiple advantages, managerial competence, market forces among many other positive determinants that operate within the food and beverages industry. Strategic expansion and diversification have helped the company overcome difficult operational conditions in its various market segments. Part of the forces that attended to the company’s transformation from a relatively small company to one of the leading players in the cheese production industry include the diversification of its range of products and the adoption of policies that helped spur progress in many of its undertakings (Joseph Heler, 2013). Competition from other companies within the industry is one of the threats that have affected the company’s performance over the years. Other threats include macroeconomic factors such as unpredictable economic situations, changing preferences by the local and global clientele and other issues that attend to the performance of big businesses in the United Kingdom and around the world. Despite the challenges that have slowed the growth of the company, Joseph Heler remains a leading force within the cheese production industry with strategic processes that relate to the diversification of the product range and partnership with a leading food production company. Financial statements indicate past and current consistency in steady progress, which suggest strong possibilities of further growth in the future. Introduction Currently Joseph Heler is ranked as the fifth largest cheese producers in UK (Joseph-Heler, 2013). The growth was a culmination of previous strategies, which included reaching out to new market segments and expanding the company’s revenue flows throughout the world. The same statistics indicated that the company had achieved significant improvement in terms of its annual total revenue. The company has maintained an impressive lead in the cheese production sector in Bri tain to levels that have enhanced its profitability and expansion in processes. Currently, the company employs nearly thousands of workers distributed in its retail stores and firms throughout the world. According to analysts, Joseph Heler’s growth on the market is partly a product of the leadership of the current founder and current chair Joseph Heler. The chair has presided over the expansion of the product lines to levels that contributed significantly to the growth in the revenue bases (Joseph Heler, 2013). The company has developed strategies that include the development of various outlets within areas that were previously dominated by competitors. The consistent growth of the company over the times has been made possible by a range of strategies that included the development of various cost-cutting measures and the opening up of increased avenues for revenue flow. Background Since its formation in 1957, Joseph Heler Cheese Company has maintained a remarkable lead in Bri tain’s cheese production through strategic expansion, effective marketing strategies, and the supply of high quality products. Joseph Heler formed Joseph Heler Chee

Adult Development and Adult Learning Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Adult Development and Adult Learning - Article Example It is, therefore, worthwhile to note that the characteristics of development of adult learners need to  influence  the strategies of teaching and  learning  that are under implementation. This article provides an overview on the various aspects of adult development, how they affect adult learning, and the major issues surrounding adult development. The article also explores the theories of adult learning including andragogy, self directed learning, and transformational learning. Adult development Growth is the  physical  change that results from an increase in cell size or numbers. Growth can be quantitatively measured using the  growth  indicators such as  weight, height, dentition, and the size of bones. On the other hand,  development  can be defined as a modification or change in the capacity if an individual to  function, or the  process  of skill  progress  or enhancement. It is the  capacity  of an individual to  adapt  to his surroundin g environment and, therefore, regarded as the behavioral growth  aspect (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). The characteristics of adult development are in the forms of physical, cognitive, social and emotional domains present in an  individual’s lifespan. There are three stages of life that  occur  in adulthood which include young, middle and older adulthood. These stages have characteristics that are unique and are  evident  in every stage of the four human development domains. For instance, the developmental characteristics of older adulthood include social characteristics such as loss of key family members and  significant  friends, prioritizing engagements and social activities, and beginning of transition to retirement. The physical aspects of  growth  include slowing down of reaction time, increase in the  instance  of chronic disease, decline in the sensory systems and physical abilities. Emotional development  is signified  with an increase in attem pts to maintain personality traits along with reflection, ability to resolve conflict by applying  integrity  instead of despair. The  last  domain  is cognitive development whereby an individual develops memory lapses, slower learning abilities, or mental abilities sufficient for accomplishing their daily chores (Jarvis, 2004). Maturation  is  mainly  characterized  nervous system changes and the brain, and aids in the stimulation of cognitive and physical or motor skills. The patterns of maturation are  innate  and programmed in the genetic code. During adulthood, people experience  various  challenges that affect their ability to go about their daily duties.   Development begins in a  concrete  or straightforward manner, and proceeds to the complex mechanisms. Problem solving and reasoning abilities  are inspired  from the  language  and development of cognitive skills. For instance, the ability to  classify  or  relate  similar ite ms implies the acquisition of cognitive skills. Concrete thoughts  are usually manifested  in the initial  level  of thinking which describes or gives a  functional  relationship between two subjects. Further advancement in the development of cognitive skills is manifested by a more complex or advanced  understanding  of the comparisons  being made, as well development of a high  capability  of classifying objects (Kail & Cavanaugh, 2010). Issues surrounding adult development and their influence on adult learning Development  is categorized  as a continuous process in which the development of an  individual  signifies  addition  of new skills to the ones already acquired, thus forming a basis for further

Social Structure Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Structure Theory - Essay Example Social structure theory is a sociological theory based on the argument that the social surroundings in which one exists tend to affect his or her behavior. There is a strong relationship between social environment and behavior in that the manner in which people behaves will be similar despite of their social environment. From the film, it is evident that people from different social surrounding behave differently from people in a different social surrounding. For instance, those people who grew up in poverty and lower class social surroundings tend to manifest criminal behaviors than those from upper class (Durkheim, 1951) The film endorses the social structure theory in that it shows how the society is composed of social institutions such as educational, political, economic, family, and religious whose purpose is to socialize an individual. Further, it shows how society is classified based on economic income and social status whereby those with high economic income belong in upper c lass and have high statuses in society as compared to those with low economic income that have low status in society. It depicts how people in all societies in the world aspire and desire to utilize and maximize their potentials in life but deficiency in natural skills and talents hinder some of them from achieving their objectives. This in turn makes them turn to other means such as crime in order to realize their dreams. The film reveals that social disorganization make people violate the laid down rules and regulations since there is total breakdown of power of informal community to control their behavior. This is attributed to the fact that they want to get themselves out of informal community in which the society has placed them. As such, they will engage in criminal behavior such as human trafficking and slavery in order to achieve their goals (Hester & Eglin, 1992). Social strain theory explains that crime in all societies is as a reaction to the conditions and circumstances that hinder opportunities for some people to achieve economic success for which all individuals are supposed to have. From the film, it is evident that there is no institutional balance of power as proposed by social structure theory. This trend often leads to forced control of some institutions by others thus depriving them some societal privileges. Poverty bounds people from different cultures. The disintegration of informal social control eventually leads to social disorganization as violent groups replace social institutions such as family, schools, and religion as socializers thus transmitting violent values to people (Hester & Eglin, 1992). Therefore, human trafficking is as a result of intergeneration spread of violent values. The film highlights the most serious social issues in modern society, which is human trafficking, and violation of human rights whereby human beings from different parts of the world are sold into slavery for different purposes. People assume that human trafficking is a vice that existed in the distant past or in nations where everybody is above the law. This idea is wrong because as the film depicts, human trafficking exist in every part of the world where people are transported to other nations for working in illegal business or engaging in prostitution. In most cases, men are usually trafficked to provide labor while women are trafficked for prostitution. The film describes that human traffi

Contemporary Marketing- Consumer Behavior Research Paper

Contemporary Marketing- Consumer Behavior - Research Paper Example The type of marketing that is in place today is what is referred to as contemporary marketing. Contemporary marketing, unlike the previous types, has so many considerations to put in place because of the advancements in consumer behavior. While in previous years the procedures involved in successful marketing were simple and absolute, today the complexities have made a somewhat difficult task (Mills, 2004). This paper’s focal point is to analyze and outline the major issue that may arise from consumer behavior and contemporary marketing. The paper also focuses on the link that lies between the two concepts. The issued discussed in this paper are those that are directly related to consumer behavior and contemporary marketing. The issues presented are not the sole viewpoint from which the matter at hand can be analyzed. The level on which a person is dependent on their references varies with the closeness that they share (Charlesworth, 2014). Firstly, there is the primary category of references. This group of people consists of friends, coworkers, family members, and relatives. These people usually influence the consumer reasons. The first reason is that they may have used the product in question at a certain point in time. The second reason is that they may have specific knowledge concerning the product in question. The third reason, the greatest, is that the relationship that an individual has with the people listed determines their categorization in the following groups; Bachelor, Newlywed, Parent, Old age (with adult children). A Bachelor for instance, only values their preference and satisfaction. A parent on the other hand must make purchases that are of value and does not inconvenience their offspring According to a research study carried out by PMR research; consumers prioritize these this influences in different measure. Out of a study carried of 500 regular consumers of a multipurpose store the following

Geologic hazard project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geologic hazard project - Essay Example Earthquakes are not isolated events as they occur in sequences. Most often, each series is dominated by an event with a larger magnitude than all others in the sequence. Smaller earthquakes and aftershocks may follow the main shock, sometimes several hours, months, or even several years later. Earthquakes are inevitable in many parts throughout the world. It can damage the infrastructure. It causes ground shaking, ground displacement, flooding and fire that can cause great damage to the people of the region affected. For example, when an earthquake occurred in the state of Washington, more than a billion dollars worth of buildings got destroyed. Roads and bridges in the region affected became inaccessible, water pressure fail and gas lines break and leak leading to fires spread that causes severe damage. Earthquakes cause Water level in the sea to rise suddenly, causing very high waves, several meters in height, which then flood the coastal areas. These possibly give rise to tsunamis, causing damage to coastal areas (Ammon). It is important to have earthquake knowledge and learn about how to minimize its effects. Its preparedness can reduce the number of the casualties, and the value of the properties destroyed. To understand earthquakes allows saving lives and to reduce damages, injuries. It also allows to build buildings more earthquakes resistant and find the locations that are more prone to earthquake. Earthquakes have been recorded throughout history for many years. Even before seismographs in early times, there are a record of mysterious ground shaking. It occurs when rocks break along an underground fault. The ground shaking causes vibrations through the earth. The magnitude of the shaking varies on how great the movement along the fault is. When plates shift, they create shockwaves that go through the earth.The shock

MGT A7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT A7 - Essay Example Leadership and management are two distinctive functions that an organization should have. They are the Conner stones of success and growth of an organization. There should be a balance between management and leadership of an organization. Kotter article has explained that most companies in United States of America do not have equilibrium the two different functions. A number of corporations within US put more emphasis and attention on management with little attention on leadership. More successful corporations in US seek qualified personnel who posses leadership qualities and employ them to take on crucial roles that require ability to lead well. Such companies balance strong leadership with strong management propelling them to success (Kotter, 2001). Basing on the functions that this article has given to leaders and managers, a successful corporation should have more leaders as compared to managers. This article has cited an example a military setup to explain how leadership is more important than management in an organization. In this example, a peacetime army can succeed with good leadership at the highest ranks. In addition, good leadership at all levels is important to ensure success. This example explains that good leadership at the top hierarchies of an organization determines the success of that organization. All levels of a corporation need to have good leadership to ensure success. An organization should go through with variations in time many changes. Changes within an organization or external changes are unavoidable. A crucial function of leadership is coping with changes within and outside an organization. This is a key function because in the past years there has been a rapid increase in market competition between organizations. Organizations should adopt a number of changes in order to compete successfully with its competitors. Failure to cope up with market changes can lead to collapse of a company due to

A paper about Cosmology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A paper about Cosmology - Essay Example These were the sought markers that put the Bang in the inflation theory in an anti-gravitational swelling that began trillionths of a second after the cosmic clock started kicking (Overbye n.d.). Kovac, the lead astrologer while speaking to the New York Times reaffirmed them that the results indicated by the bicep telescope were accurate with a one in ten million chance of being a fluke (Overbye n.d.). Systematic contamination was much smaller as indicated by Jackknife tests and simulations than the observed excess. Available models of polarized dust emission were also examined, indicating that they predict power ∠¼ (5−10) Ãâ€" which is lesser than the excess signal. However, not all possibilities relating to dust emission are analyzed by these models sufficiently (Ade et al., â€Å"bicep 1† 5). This was meant to reassure people who had doubts related to the data and calling for confirmation of the results. This came as a result of exceeding expectations based on earlier estimates on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space. The experiment not only provided first clues of forces that facilitated space and time, but also confirmed that the universe inflated dramatically (Whitney n.d.). The South Pole based research presented the first images of gravitational waves or ripples in space-time. First images of gravitational waves are exciting news said Cao-Lin Kuo while speaking to Stanford News. Stanford news further explains that gravitational waves squeeze space as they travel producing distinct patterns in the cosmic microwave background (n.d.). To acquire these images, the team examined spatial scales on the sky spanning about 1 to 5 degrees (Whitney n.d.). Through this, the researchers were able to gather more evidence that had seemed impossible. According to jet propulsion laboratory the gravitational waves produced a characteristic

There Is Still Time To Save Revolution Essay Example for Free

There Is Still Time To Save Revolution Essay It has been the scientists’ consensus: the world is undoubtedly warming (Pew Center). Thorough researches have proven that this warming is primarily the result of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), in its February 02, 2007 report has found a strong link of these emissions on human activities which include industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in land use.   The report further said that the world shall experience an increase in temperature for about 2. 5 ºF to 10.4 ºF by 2100 if the current emission trends continue. The good news however is, the scientists believe that there is still time to slow global warming and to lessen many of its most severe consequences if we act quickly. Since it is primarily the human beings who are held responsible for global warming, the future of the world’s temperature is in our hands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greenhouse gases like Carbon Dioxide, methane, halocarbons and tropospheric O3 come from burning of fossil fuels, landfills and CFCs (D. Carpenter). From here, we can clearly see what we can do. Carbon dioxide makes up 60% of the total amount greenhouse gases and it primarily comes from the combustion of fossil fuels. If this is the case, an individual can contribute to the world’s effort of reducing carbon dioxide emission by reducing the usage of cars. Transportation has been the major source of this emission so by reducing car usage, we can reduce carbon dioxide emission. Walking to reach short distance destinations is one good step. The use of bikes, as that of Vietnam is also a good thing. Anyway, it is a good form of exercise. As ordinary citizens, we all the power to elect able lawmakers who would be concerned enough with the environment and the human health. As with nitrous oxide emission, we can do something with the reduction of use of trash incineration as its major source. Simple means of waste segregation and composting are of good contribution. Proper waste disposal can reduce the use of garbage incinerations. Recycling and reuse are also good steps. Let us reduce the use of disposable plastic containers because burning of plastics contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases. If we can reuse these plastic containers, then we can consequently reduce the amount of plastics to be burned. We can use paper bags instead of plastic containers in our daily routine. If we can reduce the use of fertilizers as enhancers to our mini orchidarium and gardens, then it will be of great help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We can also contribute with the reduction of Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) and other Halocarbons. At home, we can reduce the use of artificial products that uses refrigerant and propellants as that of aerosol cans. There are already products available in the markets which are water-based. Of course, air conditioners and refrigerators have been our buddies at home and in the office. They are almost in everyone’s house. If we can get rid of using them, we can probably choose the products or brands that make use of lesser amount of CFCs. We almost all have our television sets, the access to internet and the daily papers. We can learn from these media on how to choose products that are environment-friendly. Primarily, we should be one who are to be environment-friendly because it is us who have the ability to think and feel and to distinguish friendly ones from that of the harmful stuffs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also a direct correlation between global warming and deforestation (T. Socha). Research also shows that decline in forest cover adds up to 20% of greenhouse gases buildup. It means the lack of shaded areas has allowed higher surface temperatures. Because trees are natural consumers of carbon dioxide and in turn a natural source of oxygen, their presence in the environment is vital.   With lesser trees, there will be lesser consumers of carbon dioxide and consequently will lead to more emissions. Though it is a fact that it takes years before a tree is full grown, it does not necessarily mean that our hope of reducing the effects of global warming is gone forever. We still have the chance of planting more trees. Of course, it will be impossible to reconvert deforested areas that have already been converted to industrial areas. But we still have acres and acres of land that we can utilize as vegetation areas. There is no better time to start planting than now. Now is the right time to help in tree-planting projects that are sponsored by the government and even non-government organizations. Let us find time to participate in these activities. If time is what we lack, we have the opportunity to share our financial resources to support such projects. Moreover, we have current policies as with the routine harvest of trees. What we can best do is to adhere with government policies concerning the environment. If we find violations, we all have the media to coordinate with authorities. If we are financially capable enough to play golf or to operate golf courses, then it is our responsibility to re-consider its unhealthy effects in the environment. The operation of golf courses requires deforestation, then the use of vast amount of fertilizers in the maintenance of the grass areas. Voluminous water used to water the grass areas run through areas with the pollutants that is contained in the fertilizers. In general, a golf course is environmentally unhealthy. For all these facts, we can see that even ordinary citizens have the power to reduce the impact of global warming by the reduction of the usage of products that are the main sources of greenhouse emissions. We don’t need to be lawmakers and scientists or even be in the government seats in order to help. Even in our daily routine, we all have the chance to make this world a better place to live in. WORKS CITED Carpenter, David. â€Å"Health Effects of Global Warming† Institute of Health and the Environment University. Albany Socha, Thomas. â€Å"The Potential Effects of Global Warming† Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.cato.org/pubs/books/climate/069-88.pdf â€Å"Global Warming Basics† Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.pewclimate.org/global-warming-basics    Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1990). Working Group II. â€Å"Potential Impacts of Climate Change†. 6-3,6-4,6-9. BIBLIOGRAPHY Carpenter, David. â€Å"Health Effects of Global Warming† Institute of Health and the Environment University. Albany Cross, Eleanor and Kenneth Hyams. â€Å"The Potential Effect of Global Warming on the Geographic and Seasonal Distribution of Phlebotomus Papatasi in Southwest Asia.† â€Å"The Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 104. July 1996. pp. 724-727 Gorman, Christine. â€Å"How It Affects Your Health† Time Magazine. March 26, 2006. Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.time/magazine/article/0,9171,1177002,00.html Lashof, D. (1989). â€Å"The Dynamic Greenhouse: Feedback Processes that may Influence Future Contractions of Atmospheric Trace Gases an Climatic Change.† pp. 213 Moore, Curtis (1997) â€Å"Warming up to Hot New Evidence† International Wildlife. Vol. 27. pp24-27 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1990) Working Group II. â€Å"Potential Impacts of Climate Change† pp. 6-9 Patz, Jonathan. â€Å"Alarming Health Effects of Global Warming† Medical News Today. November 19, 2005. Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=33768 Rauber, Paul (1997). â€Å"Heat Wave: If WE Continue to Ignore the Danger Signs, the World of the Future will be Hotter, Poorer, Deadlier Place; Here’s What It Might Look Like.† Vol. 82. pg. 34-38 Socha, Thomas. â€Å"The Potential Effects of Global Warming† Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.cato.org/pubs/books/climate/069-88.pdf Thompson, Dick (1997). â€Å"Climate: Melt Away Future the Ice Caps are shrinking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Time International. Vol. 11. p. 38 West, Larry. â€Å"Global Warming is Unstoppable and Humans are to Blame, says UN Report† Retrieved on April 17, 2007 from http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/a/ipcc_report.htm    Cooler Heads Coalition. â€Å"Potential Health Effects of Global Warming; Urban Heat in Atlanta; CBS Climate Hype† April 20, 2000. Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.globalwarming.org/article.php?=225    National Resources Defense Council. â€Å"Consequences of Global Warming† Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/fcons.asp U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Global Warming-Impacts† Retrieved on April 13, 2007 from http://yoshemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ImpactsHealth.html      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Strongest Evidence Yet of Human Link to Global Warming, Expert Says† The Science Daily. February 5, 2007. Retrieved on April 17, 2007 from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/2070204111643.htm

Presentation of women in Antigone

Presentation of women in Antigone Sophocles play Antigone presents us with three different types of women: Antigone, the strong-willed protagonist; Ismene, the weak sister of Antigone; and Eurydice, wife of Creon. Each of these characters personalities, lifestyles, and choices directly affects the characters mortality. The women characters in Antigone show great contrast, the most prominent being life and death. By analyzing the female characters, it can be seen that those who die, Antigone and Eurydice, share certain aspects that the survivor, Ismene does not; they are opposites of each other in nearly every way. The first opposite found, strong versus weak, plays a prominent role in this play. Antigones role within the play is much stronger than Ismenes or Eurydices on various occasions. Antigone never fears Creon and his laws, and openly defies them, twice. Upon being caught in the act, Antigone does not hide from what shes done, she confesses to it, Yes, I confess; I will not deny my deed, (Greene 487 pp 198). Antigone has a stronger familial bond with her brother, whom she believes deserves a proper burial, than her sister, Ismene, who refuses all participation in the unlawful act. After Creon has caught Antigone, he calls on Ismene, falsely assuming her participation in the illegal burial, and asks if she did it, Ismene replies I did it, yes-if she will say I did it, (Greene 590 pp 202). Only when Ismene fears her sister has told on her, does she show that she has the potential to be a strong character, like Antigone. Eurydice, who is not as prominent in the play as many other characters, is also portrayed as weaker than Antigone. Eurydice, being Creons wife stands behind him in all that he does. She supports him in his decisions, until his actions lead to the suicide of their son, Haemon. This puts Eurydice over the edge, at which point she kills herself. Both Antigone and Eurydice share the mental and physical strength to kill themselves for their loved ones. Similar to strength, but just as important in this play, is bravery. Antigones show of bravery throughout this play defies gender roles of her time, and makes her death meaningful. Other characters in this play kill themselves because someone they love dies, but Antigones death, though by her own hand, was caused by Creon and his misguided laws. The Chorus in the play praises her choices by saying, Yes, you go to the place where the dead are hidden, but you go with distinction and praiseit was your own choice and alone among mankind you will descend, alive, to that world of death, (Greene 878-884 pp 213). Antigones choices show her strong will, and continuous love for those she has lost. Antigone willingly gives her life to ensure her brother gets to the underworld safely, and once she does that she kills herself to be with her family in the after life. The character of Ismene shows no sign of this bravery, and this conformity to Creons way of thinking preserves her life. She continuously takes on the common subordinate role women usually are portrayed in, saying such things as You ought to realize we are only women, not meant in nature to fight against men (Greene 70-71 pp 183) and bury him in secret; I will be silent, too, (Greene 98 pp 184). Ismene does all she can to try to convince her sister to change her mind. The women in this play share a commonality in their love for their family, but Antigone is the only one who is not afraid to prove it. Family is, not only the leading cause of death of women within this play, but the basis for this entire play. It is Antigones lineage that began all of this chaos in the first place, as stated by Ismene, Consider sister how our father diedhow he himself struck out the sight of his two eyesThen, mother and wifedid shame violently on her lifeThird, our two brothersEach killed the other, (Greene 56-65 pp 183). Antigone proves her undying love to the dead members of her family by taking her own life, and in a way disowning Ismene for not doing the same. Ismene fears the punishment associated with burying her brother, and therefore refuses to do anything which would endanger her life. After Ismenes confession, Antigone refuses to let Ismene have any false glory, Justice will not allow you what you refused and I will have none of your partnership (Greene 592 pp 202). Similar to Antigone, Eurydice gives up her life for a loved one. The bond between mother and son is much stronger than that of husband and wife, and its this bond that leads Eurydice to take her own life once she hears that her son has taken his own life. A character known as Second Messenger recounts her death, The queen is dead. She was indeed true mother of the dead son. She died, poor lady, by recent violence upon herself, (Greene 1358-1360 pp 229). With whom these women align themselves seems to be a deciding factor in their life or death within the play. There are the women who, in the end, align themselves behind Creon and his rule, and those who believe in other forces. Antigone goes against Creons laws, believing that since Creon will eventually die, his proclamation (concerning her brothers burial) holds no power. She thinks only the Gods have enough power to declare who should be buried and who shouldnt saying, it was not Zeus that made the proclamation; nor did Justice, which lives with those below, enact such laws as that, for mankind, (Greene 494-496 pp 198). This belief eventually leads to the actions which cause Antigones death in the play. Her sister, however, believes Creon is right and shouldnt be defied, saying we are ruled, by those who are stronger, (Greene, 72 pp 183). By being obedient to the King of Thebes, Ismene preserves her life, but at what cost, if everyone she loves dies in the process? The exception to this is Eurydice, whose character isnt explored deep enough to discover her true feelings, but she did align herself with her son by the end of the play, killing herself to be with him. The two female characters who did not believe faithfully in Creon died, while the subordinate female survived. Being a woman in and of itself plays a big part in the morality of these female characters. According to the website Ancient Greek Civilizations: the Women of Athens, marriage is a right of passage for girls to become women, (The Women of Athens). Eurydice is the only married women within the play, leaving us to believe Antigone and Ismene are still girls. However, in death, Antigone says herself that her husband is to be the Lord of Death, (Greene, 877 pp 213). Jana Shopkorn, who created a website entitled Til Death Do Us Part: Marriage and Funeral Rites in Classical Athens, says that Death before marriage signifies a marriage with the underworld, (Shopkorn). Following this line of thinking, the only woman who survives was in fact a girl, and being married was a curse, of sorts, for Eurydice and Antigone. Through the analysis of the only 3 females in Sophocles play Antigone, we discover a wide array of contrasting characteristics. The dynamics between these characters provides insight into their mortality within the play. The two female characters that die in this play, Antigone and Eurydice, share many similarities that Ismene, the sole female survivor does not possess. Their opposing personalities, lifestyles, and choices throughout the play can be directly correlated to their death or survival in this play. Works Cited Greene, David Lattimore, Richmond (Ed.). (1991). Greek Tragedies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Shopkorn, Jana. Til Death Do Us Part: Marriage and Funeral Rites in Classical Athens. 6 Oct 2008 < http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/classes/JSp.html>. The Women of Athens. Ancient Greek Civilizations. 8 Oct 2008 .

Is It Possible to Reconstruct a State?

Is It Possible to Reconstruct a State? Definitions: According to Max Weber, â€Å"State is an entity which possesses a delegatable monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.† (Warner, 1991) When a state looses its monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force or looses its capacity to perform even the most basic functions within its territory, it comes under the category of failed/ dysfunctional states. Most of the times reasons for failure of a state are civil war, international conflict, corrpution, lack of resources etc. De jure state[1] State which exist by a fiat of the international community, which recognizes them as soveregin entities whether or not they have a government capable of effectively controlling or administering the territory. Example- Somalia De facto state- State which receives no international recognition and has weak institutions, but where power is exercised and enforced within its territory. Examples- Kurdistan, Puntland, Somaliland De facto de jure state- State which enjoys international recognition and excercises control over people and territory through formal and strong, preferably democratic instritutions. This is the modern state in all its legal- rational Weberian splendour. In other words, this is the model the international community tries to replicate in dysfunctional states. Reconstruction:- is a process of recreation of an entity by the intrnal or external forces. Externally-led-reconstruction Where International actors intervene into a state and try to reconstrct. This model demands transtition from dysfunctional de jure state to the Weberian de facto state. Examples- Iraq, Afghanistan, Somalia etc. Internally-led-reconstruction- Where domestic actors inside a state try to bring change. A transition from dysfunctional de jure state to a de facto state that slowly develops institutions, though not necessarily democratic ones. Examples- Mozambique, Kurdistan etc. Historically failed states simply used to disappear, divided up or conquered by a more powerful neighbour but today’s conventional wisdom has it that collapsed states must be reconstructed immediately and comprehensively along the lines of democratic countries with free market economies, thanks to the intervention by international community.[2] International community has assumed that it is both possible and essential for all the dysfunctional state to be reconstructed within their old borders but this assumption is very recent one. In the 1990s intervention by international community in a dysfunctional state invariably entailed the organizing of multi-party elections within the shortest possible time. For example. The Lusaka agreement of 1999 required the warring parties of DRC[3] to engage in ‘national dialogue’ to reach agreement on a new democratic political syatem and to hold elections. The December 2001, Bonn agreement called for holding of a loya Jirga[4] in Afghanisatn to reach agreement on a new democratic political system, to be followed by elections. Historically, attempts to reconstruct a state can be categorized in two ways- Externally-led-reconstruction:- Donor approach[5] of reconstruction includes setting up of new democratic institutions, re-writing constitutions, new election laws, creating civil society organization, liberalization of the economy etc. Most of the times these organizations do not turn out to be significant and established-hence institutions because most of the time they do not provide solution to the real problems on the ground. But donors, however, think of institution building, less in terms of finding solutions to what local actors preceive to be problems, and more in terms of transpalnting â€Å"best practices† that have been successful elsewehere. In the end, this approach of international community makes difficult for organizations to become institutions because they do not solve the real time problems. International community also wants institutions to come into function within a short span of time which is impossible. Internally-led-reconstruction:- The domestic actors that reconstruct states are miliatry men and politicians, who are more prone to act than to write, meaning by creation of constitution and institutions (liked by international community) is usually not their first priority. Majority of the internally led reconstuction of states come from Africa. For example in Uganda, Eritrea, Ethiopia, first step towards reconstruction was military victory. Since there were no other means at the disposal of domestic actors to generate the authority needed to govern a state, the only path was recourse to the raw power generated by superior force. Once they had generated legitimacy through force, they tried to transfrom that raw power into authority by regularizing institutions and processes of governemnt. This led to the reconstruction of the state, but not to the emergence of democratic states. Major components, free choice and popular participation were missing. Thus International community doesnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t like this approach. Criticism of Externally-led-reconstruction- Best practices do not solve real problems. For example, in Afghanistan retributional justice, against the wishes of President Karzai, was adopted against Taliban which became reason for Taliban to re-emerge. But if we look at the South African trasition from Aprtiheid regime, it was very smooth because they practiced what suited South Africa’s future the best. Donor supported institution building put an unbearable burdan on fragile states and in the end becomes self-defeating. For example , the strength of Afghan Army is 3,75,000. Annual budget of the Army and the annual income of the state are similar. Therefore, if there is no international committment then how will Afghan state fund the salaries of soldiers and what is their use if Taliban can come to negotiating terms. In most of the attempts of reconstruction, so-called institution building is not part of a sustained, open ended intrnational commitment to remain involved until the process is completed, but rather part of an exit strategy. Donors wants organizations in place so that they can go home but to my understanding that is a self-defeating strategy. Criticism of Internally-led-reconsturction- The actors wants to create a de facto state but usually they don’t have resources Even if they have the capacity to reconstruct the de facto state, they are likely to be reluctant to curb their newly acquired power and move from dictatorship or raw power to institutionalized politics and rule of law. In both types of state reconstruction, a major challenge lies in moving from â€Å"order imposed through power to the institutions† because institutions help in regularising authority in the long run. In internal reconstruction processes, second phase of state reconstruction[6] often fails to take place, because those who have consolidated power have little incentive to limit its exercise by developing institutions. In donor-directed processes, the international community rushes to develop institutions, but tends to withdraw the power that buttresses them far too soon, leading to failure. Some prescriptions to reconstruct a state:- When we think about the term reconstruction, we should give enough attention towards the possible outcome and resources at our disposal. Above all we need to know the short term and long term goals. Sometimes states are in need of means of survival but we are busy in creating democratic institutions and implementing best practices of governance for them. Thus we need to create and promote institutions according to the relevance and need of the hour but at the same time keeping in mind the long term goals. We need to recognize the potential candidates of statehood. For an example, Kurdistan Regional Government is a de facto state but it does not have international recognition. We are afraid of accepting the nationhood for Kurdistan. The same goes for Somaliland or Puntland. International community need to give heed to the de facto states. We need to know that institution building is a slow process and one size does not fit all- hence one type of system cannot fulfil the needs of every state. Every place is different on the earth and people have different approaches to the life. Thus we shouldn’t impose so-called â€Å"best practices† of governance in every corner of the world. Above all we shouldn’t create those institutions which can put unbearable burden on fragile states and become self defeating. For example- strong military apparatus in Afghanistan. If any state believes in the implementation of the â€Å"best practices† then that donor should set modest targets and should have long term commitment. We shouldn’t’ expect too much too soon. As saying goes, It takes 18 years for an infant to turn into an adult then how we can expect an institution to be functional within few years. Conclusion Reconstruction of states is a very difficult process. In 21st century, international community believes that there can not exist any failed states in the world and if there is any then we need to reconstruct it. But a lot of lessons needs to be learnt before we take up new assignments of reconstruction. Neither extrnal led, nor internal led approaches of reconstruction are perfect but with some improvements they can yield descent outcomes. International community always seems to be in hurry to build institutions but it requires a very long term commitment for organizations to turn into established institutions. Sometimes there is severe imbalance between the goals set by international community and the resources donors are willing to commit to attain the goals. It is possible to reconsturct a state if whatever organizations we set up, help in solving real probelms on the ground and thus become long lasting instutions. But if we just delpoy best practices without giving heed to the possible outcomes, it can lead to failure. Internally led reconstruction can also yield positive results if international community can provide long term commitment in building institutions. At the same time international community should bring de facto states into de jure states but there are always no easy choices to make. Bibliography:- Jackson, R. (1990) Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Daniel Warner (1991) An ethic of responsibility in International Relations. Lynne Rienner Publishers Chang, H. (2000) `Institutional Development in Developing Countries in a Historical Perspective: Lessons from Developed Countries in Earlier Times. Forman, S. and S. Patrick (2000) Good Intentions: Pledges of Aid for Post-Conflict Recovery. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Guiding Principles for Stabilization and Reconstruction (2009), United States Institute of Peace Press, Washington DC Marina Ottaway (2003), Rebuilding State Institutions in Collapsed States, EBSCO publishing house. Call Charles T. (2008). â€Å"Building States to Build Peace? A critical analysis†. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development Vol.4 n.2 p.60. De Weijer, F. (2013). ‘A Capable State in Afghanistan: A Building without a Foundation?’ WIDER Working Paper No. 2013/063. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER. [1] Definitions of de jure and de facto states have been borrowed from the work of Robert R Jackson. [2] International Community- in this paper this word means â€Å"the conglomerate of industrialized democracies and the multilateral agencies over which industrialized countries have preponderant influence.† [3] DRC- Democratic Republic of Congo [4] Loya Jirga- is a special type of grand assembly that is mainly organized to choose a new head of state in case of sudden death, to adopt new constitution or to settle serious issues such as war etc. [5] Donors- International community including international organizations [6] Second phase of reconstruction in internally led reconstruction is to transform raw power into authority by establishing institutions.

Hydroelectric Power :: essays research papers

Hydroelectric Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the earliest ways to harness power is to use the powerful flow of water. On September 30th, 1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, the first ever dam was built. Since then, over 2,044 billion-kilowatt hours have been produced each day, worldwide. This source of energy is being used more and more days, because it is so dependable. But, how does it actually work and produce electricity? First of all, dams are located in a position where water moves swiftly and quickly. This is very important. When the water enters the dam, it goes through a series of giant pipes. At this point, the water hit the paddles of the turbine, causing it to spin. From there, the water goes to the end of the dam, and continues its regular flow in the river. To find out where the electricity comes from, we must go back to the turbines. As the turbines spin, a long, thick stick that protrudes out the side is connected to a generator filled with magnets. This is where all the electrons are produced. Lastly, the power is then flows through power lines and reaches homes and businesses in the area. There are many advantages to using dams. Fist of all, we basically have an unlimited source of water. Also, these dams are sturdy and could last for years and years. In addition, dams don’t add any pollution, which nuclear and fossil fuels do, to the environment, which is now a major problem. Lastly, it’s a reliable source. Unlike wind power and solar power, we could use it day and night and we know it will be around the next day. There are a few disadvantages towards having a dam. First of all, they are very costly. Dams have a lot of expensive equipment. Also, a dam requires a lot of space to build and powerful water. Both of these requirements make finding a place to build a dam hard to find. Worst of all, when building a dam, you might have to evacuate people to do the actual building. There is an average of 80,000 people who need to be evacuated. All in all, I think that hydroelectric dams should be the world’s main source of power. Hydroelectric Power :: essays research papers Hydroelectric Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the earliest ways to harness power is to use the powerful flow of water. On September 30th, 1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, the first ever dam was built. Since then, over 2,044 billion-kilowatt hours have been produced each day, worldwide. This source of energy is being used more and more days, because it is so dependable. But, how does it actually work and produce electricity? First of all, dams are located in a position where water moves swiftly and quickly. This is very important. When the water enters the dam, it goes through a series of giant pipes. At this point, the water hit the paddles of the turbine, causing it to spin. From there, the water goes to the end of the dam, and continues its regular flow in the river. To find out where the electricity comes from, we must go back to the turbines. As the turbines spin, a long, thick stick that protrudes out the side is connected to a generator filled with magnets. This is where all the electrons are produced. Lastly, the power is then flows through power lines and reaches homes and businesses in the area. There are many advantages to using dams. Fist of all, we basically have an unlimited source of water. Also, these dams are sturdy and could last for years and years. In addition, dams don’t add any pollution, which nuclear and fossil fuels do, to the environment, which is now a major problem. Lastly, it’s a reliable source. Unlike wind power and solar power, we could use it day and night and we know it will be around the next day. There are a few disadvantages towards having a dam. First of all, they are very costly. Dams have a lot of expensive equipment. Also, a dam requires a lot of space to build and powerful water. Both of these requirements make finding a place to build a dam hard to find. Worst of all, when building a dam, you might have to evacuate people to do the actual building. There is an average of 80,000 people who need to be evacuated. All in all, I think that hydroelectric dams should be the world’s main source of power.

Medical Case Study Essay example -- Health, Inflammation

A. Inflammation 1. In terms of the mechanism of inflammation, explain how the steps of PRICE may minimize Dave’s inflammation. Inflammation is the cleaning up on an injury, and we know it by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain. The impact and distortion to his ankle killed cells, damaged fibers, and the chemical composition of the interstitial fluid was altered. Lysosomes release enzymes that destroy damaged cells and attack surrounding tissues. Debris, fluid, and dying cells accumulate, causing pressure, and histamine, heparin, and prostaglandins increase blood flow, increased vessel permeability, and pain. Ice helps relieve the increased local temperature, and compression helps constrict vessels, reducing swelling. Elevation will also reduce swelling by decreasing blood flow to the area. Protecting the injury and resting will allow it to heal at a faster pace with less additional cells being damaged (Martini 142-143). 2. Although Dave was given a prescription analgesic, there are Over-The-Counter analgesics such as aspirin, acetaminophen and NSAIDS (like Aleve). Choose one of these OTC analgesics and explain how it reduces pain. By blocking the effect of the enzyme, cyclooxygenase, prostaglandin functions, such as sensitizing pain receptors to mechanical and chemical stimuli and causing blood vessels to dilate, decrease (Merck 408). Pain and swelling are reduced. B. Fainting 1. Why did Suzie faint when she got up from the table? Explain the specific changes in her CVS that to caused her to faint. Sitting or standing up too quickly can cause fainting, because the changing in position causes blood to pool in the legs, resulting a fall in blood pressure. If Suzie fainted because she had secretly not eaten bre... ...c. 2011. .http://www.eatingproblems.org/epseffect.html "Physiology & Psychology: Performance Benchmarks -- Cardiac Output." Extended University, Montana State University. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. . "Pulmonary Function Testing." Www2.nau.edu. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. . "Total Protein: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. . "What People With Anorexia Nervosa Need to Know About Osteoporosis." Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Web. 05 Dec. 2011. .

Domestic Violence in Russia

Why is domestic abuse so widespread in Russia – and are its causes culturally specific? Slide 1 Domestic violence is one of the main causes of women's suffering and even death. Unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, this topic has often been passed over in silence all over the world. However, in the past 10 years, things have changed: women have begun to make their voices heard, and have finally started seeking help. But is this true for women in Russia?Slide 2 First we need to define what constitutes domestic violence. The Department of Health defines domestic violence as â€Å"a continuum of behavior ranging from verbal abuse, physical, sexual assault, to rape, and even homicide. † This definition includes such violence as violence in dating, animal abuse, child abuse, violence in same-sex families, violence between intimate partners, as well as violence between neighbors and friends. This paper focuses on domestic violence between intimate partners, both married an d unmarried.Slide 3According to the Ukrainian TV channel â€Å"Inter,† â€Å"every third woman in the world at least once in her life has been physically abused. † In the Ukraine, as well as in Russia, this figure is much higher; every second woman at least once becomes  the victim of domestic violence. For example, according to the Acting Head of the Department of Public Order of Russia, General-Lieutenant Michael Artamoshkina, every fourth family in Russia experiences some type of domestic violence and two-thirds of homicides are due to family and domestic reasons.To give a sense of the scale and severity of the disaster, which in Russia is simply called â€Å"family problems,† about 14 thousand women die at the hands of their husbands or other relatives and 40 percent of all serious violent crimes annually are committed within families. Just to compare the scale, it should be noted that within 10 years of war between the Soviet Union and Afghanistan, 14 tho usand people were killed. The incidents of domestic violence in Russian families are increasing year after year.In addition to this, we should take in consideration all the children that are witnessing domestic violence in their families who experience severe trauma, which they may then transfer to their future families. As a result, every year 50 thousand children leave their homes and 2 thousand children commit suicide. Slide 4 This reminds me of the popular English phrase, â€Å"My home – my castle,† which is translated to Russian as â€Å" – ,† meaning the security, reliability, and peace of mind hat are being obtained not just through the walls of the house but mostly through family, mainly the spouse. At the same time there is a Russian saying: â€Å" – ,† which means, â€Å"Beating is a sign of loving,† which possibly serves as another reinforcer or an excuse for domestic violence in Russia. Slide 5 Video Slide 6 Domestic vi olence doesn’t necessarily cause physical damage.There are several types of domestic violence between two intimate partners: * emotional abuse, such as humiliation, which damages self-esteem, verbal abuse, rudeness, instilling the idea that a woman plays the role of a bad wife and mother; * economic violence where the partner doesn’t allow the woman to work, forcing her to ask for money, and, therefore, lowering her self-esteem; * sexual abuse, which is forcing the partner to have a physical relationship; * physical violence, which is the most common and includes beating, slapping, using weapons, etc. * threats such as threats to take the children or commit suicide; * bullying, which can be presented in the forms of intimidation through gestures, actions, destroying household items; * manipulation of children such as instilling a sense of guilt in front of children, using children to manipulate; and finally * isolation which is a continuous monitoring of what a woman d oes, whom she can be friends with, with whom she associates and communicates and prohibition of communication with people that are close to her.What are the causes of such violence by men, and why don’t women fight for their right for a peaceful and happy life? The first problem is the lack of an adequate system to deal with this problem in Russia. Since the legislation has not embraced a definition of domestic violence as a crime, men feel a sense of impunity. The second reason is that this behavior is inherent in every person as a cause of reproducible patterns. The ones, who witnessed their father beat their mother during their childhood, have a higher probability of becoming a family tyrant.Some other problems that are common causes of violence in Russia are male alcoholism, low material security, and unemployment among men. But violence occurs not only in the families of alcoholics, but also in the families of professors, and managers. A couple of years ago in Russia, th is problem was not discussed at all; the topic was practically banned. On the basis of information provided by the above-mentioned channel, â€Å"most of women find it to be a taboo topic. And do not talk about their problems for fear of a repetition and confidence in the impunity of the offender.    Slide 7In Russia, as well as in Ukraine, domestic violence is considered to be â€Å"hooliganism,† and for the most severe abuser the punishment is confinement for a period of up to 360 hours, which equals to the period of two weeks, after which the offender gets released back into the family. It is not surprising that women do not even turn to the police to report allegations of domestic violence since imprisonment for a period of two weeks would only worsen an already complicated relationship. There is one more feature, the victim is usually very ashamed to admit that she has been beaten, so she remains silent for years.In addition, many husbands beat their partners in such a way that no one can see scars and bruises. Therefore most of the physical trauma is being caused to the heads of the victims, which ends with more fetal outcomes. The reasons why the victims do not leave their spouses are the same all over the world, starting from banal economic barriers, especially when they have children. There are not enough crisis centers and shelters for victims of domestic violence in Russia. There are about 18 state and 40 public shelters for women, there are over 500 of them in Great Britain.In addition, social services do not have the authority to help women with children. Sociologists say that domestic violence is a consequence of the treatment of women as the second grade citizens. Surprisingly, the victim often agrees with the offender. For example, if she was slapped for not cooking well enough, then she must really not know how to cook. The longer victims stay with the offender, the lower their self-esteem becomes. They start â€Å"putting† th emselves into their husband’s or lover’s, developing Stockholm Syndrome.Therefore, one of the tasks of the psychologist in crisis centers is to explain to the victim that she is not guilty, no matter how poorly she cleaned the apartment or how short her skirt was. The victims must first understand that there can be no reasons to be physically abused, and that it is against the law. But the law allows a lot of other things, like sexual coercion, since in Russia there is no concept of â€Å"marital rape,† as well as isolation and control, not allowing to dress a certain way, and preventing access to education.Hopefully, at least on paper, the situation will change with the passage of the â€Å"Prevention of Domestic Violence Law,† so the government won’t wait until people die before they do something about this worldwide problem. However, the development of this law has begun in 1994, but it was long ignored. At the same time, in the early ‘90s legislatives in many other countries advanced amendments, which were approved and worked very well in preventing fetal outcomes of domestic violence.For example, in Israel as well as American courts, a restraining order is given to victims prohibiting the offender to approach the victim or her resistance. The basis for such a restraining order is not just â€Å"actual acts of violence† but also threats, insults, and scandals. We should consider some real-life examples of domestic violence, and the extent to which it can reach. One of the most sensational cases of domestic violence, which shocked the whole world,  was the matter of Bibi Aisha. Slide 8 This girl’s parents made her to marry militant Taliban at the age of 14, who was severely abusive.Having lived four years through endless humiliations, in 2009 Bibi decided to escape, but her father returned her to her in-laws and as punishment, her husband took her to the mountains, cut off her ears and nose and left h er there to die. The girl was only 18 years old. Fortunately, she was lucky, and was saved by American doctors, who a year later were able to make a new nose for her. The history of Bibi Aisha affected the whole world, but unfortunately it is far from unique. One day in 2010 a Russian girl named Tatyana Polskaya was returning from work.Approaching the entrance of her building, she saw a young man standing by the entrance with a bottle in his hand. He was not alone; Tatyana said that she noticed someone observing not far from the entrance. When she turned to the young man, he splashed in her face something of the bottle. She ran to a snowdrift and began to wash her face with the snow. As it turned out later, the bottle was full of sulfuric acid. The investigation of her case has hit a dead end; there are no suspects or defendants. Tanya has already had eight operations, but her vision hasn’t been restored.The same year Oksana Serdyuk, who has recently broken up with her former lover, was going home with a new partner. They accidentally met her former partner at the park and talked. He asked permission to escort them to the porch and when they got there, he hit Oksana with a knife directly in her stomach. Her boyfriend rushed to defend his girlfriend, but was stabbed in the lung. Then the former partner calmly walked over to Oksana, raised her head by pulling her hair and began to slash her neck. A passing car, which flashed its headlights, saved them and the attacker fled.As it turned out later in the hospital Oksana was saved by a miracle, since the stabbing took place at 2 mm from her carotid artery. According to Oksana, her ex-boyfriend was insanely jealous, and when she tried to leave, he threatened her by telling that he would commit a suicide. She could not even think that this man could bring harm to others. He was sentenced to 12 years. Perhaps, this is one in thousands of cases when an offender of domestic violence actually received a substantia l sentence. Why is there such a difference between the statistics and actual numbers of domestic violence in Russia?The main problem in the procedure of registering domestic violence is in law enforcement, since this kind of violence doesn’t have a separate category in the constitution of the Russian Federation. As long as the legislation does not adopt a definition of domestic violence, the situation will not change. Also the low number of women actually going to the police should be noted, since many women believe that the police won’t be able to help them, and therefore they rarely file a petition. It is important that the Criminal Code and Administrative Code include the concept of domestic violence.Domestic abuse must incur liability not only in severe cases, such as personal injury and murder, but also in the â€Å"mild† forms of violence, like threats and emotional damage. Also, it is important to transfer domestic violence from the sphere of private char ges to the sphere of public accusations, so that it is impossible to take back an application, since while the process is going on – a lot of men convince their women to take back the application, promising them that things will change, and once the application is taken back – the case is dropped, and the cycle of abuse continues.If the case were kept open, the offender would get at least some sort of punishment. And it is definitely necessary to add protection orders; but when this was discussed in the legislature, unfortunately this immediately raised the question of a possible violation of men’s rights. Slide 9 However, it is true that victims of violence are not only women but also men. Unfortunately, there is no exact statistics of the real number of victims. Men as well as women have their own reasons not to report domestic violence. Women are often leaders in their families, but, as psychologists report, are rarely tyrants.According to psychotherapist Ale xander Polev, â€Å"If a wife and mother become tyrants – it's not normal. † â€Å"As a rule, these women are from dysfunctional families, which copy their parents. Tyrants can be oppressed mothers and children – they repeat the situation in exactly same way. † Victims of woman rarely seek psychological help, despite the frequency of the beatings. Experts say that in Russia, of the total number of reported cases of domestic violence – 5% are feature male victims. And this is just the tip of the iceberg of victims of female aggression.For men it is really difficult to accept that they have been beaten by a female: it is considered to be shameful and men often prefer to deal with their trauma alone. But even taking into account the psychological barriers to the recognition by men that they have been domestically violated, domestic violence hotlines a few times still receive calls from men suffering violence in their homes. Psychologists are convinced that for men, fallen under the heel of a strong woman, there is only one solution – a divorce. Separation with their wife-tyrant doesn’t always bring satisfaction and resolution to all their problems.Without psychological help and adaptation, a man who has been with a women-tyrant tends to fall for women of the same type. Slide 10 Domestic violence is a worldwide problem, but unfortunately, in Russia, in comparison with other big countries, the government hasn’t yet found a way to deal with this problem effectively. The problem is often ignored, and its scale is underestimated. But personal, not just governmental action is needed: no one deserves to be abused, and victims of domestic violence -must seek immediate help, break their silence, protect themselves as well as their children, and serve as an example to others.

Death of a Nation Essay

Clifford Dowdeys Death of a Nation The Story of Lee and His custody at Gettysburg is a troops news report examining the Confederate loss at this heroic poem betrothal, particularly the decision-making forge and the in the southern com musical compositionders misfortune to perform up to their potential. Partly a fawning defense of Robert E. Lee and parti all(prenominal)y an insightful study of why the sulfur even dared invade the North, it demonstrates the authors conspiracyern bias without trying to release thrall, as well as Dowdeys fusion of bill and storytelling.The book looks just about exclusively at the Civil fights largest battle, in which Lees Army of Northern Virginia invaded the North in hopes of scaring Lincoln into halting the warfare and recognizing the cabal. Instead, as Dowdeys title implies, it proved the Confederacys apex as a military power, beginning its two-year lessen and ultimate collapse.Dowdey, a native of Richmond, Virginia, who produced nume rous histories and unuseds about the Civil War, takes a trenchant pro-southwardern stance and offers a preferably liberal view both of the Confederacy, never approach shot its defense of slavery, and of Lee, the inventive, chance-taking commander who proved the southwesterns greatest leader. The first chapter, r abateezvous with Disaster, conveys in its title how Dowdey sees the battle, yet he is loath to blame Lee for the loss.He opens with an work out of Confederate serviceman trespassing(a) Pennsylvania, tieing them non as a menacing enemy tho as a clean merry tie The Confederate soldiers had non committed acts of hooliganism or abused the inhabitants. On the contrary, the troops had been highly good-humored in the expect of taunts and insults (3). The author thence introduces the oecumenic as a striking, to the highest degree god standardised figure, quoting an officer who deemed him a kingly man whom all men who came into his presence expected to accompany (5) this description recurs throughout the book.Subsequent chapters let out the buildup and the battle itself. In chapter two, The Opening Phase, Dowdey portrays the decision-making process that led to Lees trespass of Pennsylvania as a Jefferson Davis-engineered travesty, a necessary expedient in the insurance of static, scattered defensiveness (27). The author considers Lee almost a victim of Davis vanity, rigidity, and in force to nonice his own lack of military expertise, and he absolves the man he believes embodied the cypher of the patriarchal planter who, as military leader, assumed benevolent responsibility for his subject area (33).Throughout the battle, which dominates more than of the book, Dowdey introduces Lees subordinates as characters in a novel or drama, describing their personalities in lively, even approximately chatty detail. Jeb Stuart, whose cavalry failed in its reconnaissance duties before the fighting began, appears as a capable soldier who refused t o believe he erred Richard Ewell is a crusty yet soft-hearted nonconcentric whose marriage s a good dealed his fighting skills and conjuration B. Hood is a fighter, not a thinker (174).He reserves his harshest criticisms for mob Longstreet, deeming the l oneness general to openly examination Lees decision to rent the unwise assault best cognize as Picketts Charge, a deceit defeatist. Dowdey claims that objective historians and Longstreet partisans keep back tried to re-evaluate him immaterial the text of controversy. This is almost impossible. . . . Many new(prenominal) men performed below their potential at Gettysburg, hardly only James Longstreet decipherable himself by blaming Lee (340).By the end of the book, one realizes that Dowdey will not surrender that the figure he admires whitethorn have simply made fatal errors at Gettysburg. Dowdeys descriptions of the battle cover the cardinal days in a mostly accurate solely not accredited manner. He alternates between broad, sweeping views of dramatic combat and close-up accounts of individual Confederate units and soldiers. (He gives miniature mention to yoke action throughout the book, making clear that his sole pursuance is depicting Lees phalanx and not providing a holistic history of the battle.) Though his approach provides reliable but not groundbreaking information, Dowdey makes clear that he considers Lees defeat not the venerable commanders transmutation (despite his own tendency to take unyielding chances against the larger and better-armed Union Army), but rather his subordinates softness to perform as ably as they had in previous battles. In this account, Stuarts ego kept him from realizing he failed in his scouting duties, A. P.Hill baffled his usually strong will, Richard Anderson staged a poor excuse for an assault on Cemetery Ridge with undisciplined, poorly-led Carolinian troops (rather than the Virginians that Dowdey, the Virginian, favors), and Ewell did not adequa tely prepare his troops for their attack. period Dowdey concedes that Lee, alone in the center of the vacuum, could not have been less aware of the sum total collapse of co-ordination (240). However, he implies, Lees unawareness was not his fault, but that of usually-reliable subordinates who interrogatively failed all at once.The ferment ends somewhat abruptly, with Lees broken army withdra evolveg from Pennsylvania after Picketts failed bursting charge (in which the general whose name it bears appears as a minor figure) and returning to Virginia the author offers no broad conclusion or history of the battles meaning in spite of appearance a larger context. Dowdey, primarily a fiction writer and college instructor who likewise produced numerous histories of the Army of Northern Virginia, approaches the take a shit with a storytellers pizzaz and flair, writing this history with a novelists attention to visual details and his characters personalities and quirks.Frequently, he aims to stir the readers attention by adding what his characters may have express or thought in rich, at times overstated terms. For example, he deems Ewell this quaint and loving character (121) Jubal Early becomes the bitter man who became as passionate in his shun for the Union as he had one time been in its defense (123) and Union general Daniel Sickles (one of the few figures for whom he shows genuine scorn) is an unsavory, showy, and unsmooth character from raw York who went further on brassy self-confidence and politicking .. . than many a(prenominal) a better man went on ability (203). In trying give his characters personality, Dowdey writes often picturesque and lively prose but in like manner offers a somewhat distorted picture that more detached academic historians may find objectionable. For example, while Lee bath do no wrong, Jefferson Davis, the Confederacys much-reviled president, appears as nearly as much a villain as Longstreet. Of Davis, Dowdey write s The crisis in the secs military fortunes was caused largely by the defense policies of the president.. . . Among the limitations of this self-aware gentleman was an inability to acknowledge himself in the wrong (14). As a Lee apologist, Dowdey implicitly blames David for the Souths collapse, though he wavers on this by adding Lincoln had at his organization unlimited wealth, the organized machinery of government, a navy, the war potential of heavy industry, and a four-to-one custody superiority.Davis led a disorganized bm in self-determinism composed of proud and fiercely individualistic provincials (15-16). Dowdey comments little about the South in general and does not today glorify the Southern cause, though he also refrains from any mention of slavery or racism. He seems to simply sham the South as it was, writing his kit and caboodle to illustrate a particularly regionalist whiz of pride, if not in its plantation past, then certainly in Lee, its most shimmer example of military leadership and manhood.He reveals, perhaps unintentionally, his own sense of butterfly about the South when he writes In a land where the age of valorousness was perpetuated, the military leader embodied the gallantry, the glamour, and the perquisite of the aristocrat in a feudal society (15). Characters like Lee, he implies, gave the South respectability and nobility, while lesser individuals, like the supposedly duplicitous, disloyal Longstreet and the rigid, arrogant Davis, somehow stained it and failed to match its ideals. Despite Dowdeys biases, he cannot be faulted for failing to do research.He includes a short bibliographical essay at the end, explaining his sources strengths and limitations. In access to using many secondary sources, he relies heavily on participants personal documents, much(prenominal) as letters and memoirs, though he concedes that the eyewitness accounts are subject to the fallibility of memory, and many of the articles suffer the distor tion of advocacy or indictment (353). This last comment is telling, because Dowdey himself neither advocates nor indicts the Old South, but rather aims to depict the military aspects.The result is a work that shows clear fondness for the Souths self-image as an embattled land of chivalry, but to his credit, Dowdey does not excoriate the North or its leaders. Lincoln scarcely appears in this volume, but the author pays some compliments to Union generals whom historians have seen less favorably, such as Joseph Hooker (whom Lee soundly discomfited at Chancellorsville) or George Meade (who won at Gettysburg but failed to pursue and destroy the form of Lees army as it withdrew).Death of a Nation is not a comprehensive history of the battle of Gettysburg, but neither does it claim to be. Instead, it is an often-entertaining, well-researched account of the Southern sides participation, including its unredeemed behind-the-scenes planning and the personal dynamics among the commanders who underperformed at this key point in the war.Though Dowdeys conclusion is so brief as to be unsatisfactory, one can draw ones own conclusion from this volumes title and the battle it describes that defeat at Gettysburg meant the Confederacys blow to win its nationhood. Dowdey does not openly lament this fact, but instead shows the process that made this failure a reality. Dowdey, C. (1958). Death of a Nation. New York Alfred A. Knopf.

Application Paper

I focused solely on their signed communion and watched how they were adapted to enhance their conversitions with things such(prenominal) as gestures, behavior, and tone or rule book. OHara and Wingman atomic number 18a that thither are quantifys when no dialogue is needed to have a conversation and communicate (128). Through my welkin larn, I found this to be really true and observed several Interactions amidst many people and I was able to understand what their topographic point was by apparently watching them communicate communicatoryly. Studies show that non oral behavior carries more importance than verbal behavior when we express spontaneous olfactory perceptions, rate the motives of others and how they present themselves, express rapport with others, and direct out others meanings when there are non many other behaviors to observe (130). ane tally I saw, beed to be present around something and he did non seem to have any interest in what she was eviden ceing. First, I could good assume they were a couple by the way they acted.They sat very close to detecther, they were sharing a drink, ND she often grabbed his reach out to get his attention. Her grabbing his hand Is an example of body movements called kinesics which are the aspects of gestures and body movements that send nonverbal meats (135). It in addition indicated a love- Intimacy touch. The nonverbal pass along being sent was that theyre together, she cares, and is assay to break apart things. Him, on the other hand was harangue with his eyes. Oculists is the study of the use of the eyes to communicate, and it covers the impressiveness of the eyes In communication crosswise the lifespan (137). The fact that he was not making eye contact and ever rolling his eyes every era she was trying to talk to him gave off the message that he doesnt care more or less what she has to say and hes most belike annoyed with her. They were carrying on a verbal conversation notwi thstanding by paying close attention, you could easily notice all the nonverbal aspects of their argument. For example, there were times when she would slam her hand on the table.This could easily indicate shes emphasizing what she Is aphorism and is trying to get her point across. Her slamming her hand down is an example of an illustrator. An illustrator reinforces verbal messages and helps visually explain what is being said (135). some other nonverbal aspect was their voices. How we pause, the speed and volume of our speech, and the inflections we use are vocalizes nonverbal messages called Paraguayan (155). Studies show that we find angry, demanding voices annoying and querulous voices charge more annoying (139).This applies to the situation because his girlfriend was raising her voice and trying to grab his attention, when in laity, it was most likely causing him even more causality to not even give her the time of day and pushing her away even more. You could also notice how she was embarrassed to be arguing in public so she would often lower her voice when she realized how loud she was being. Another way they communicated nonverbally was the amount of personal space they had. She was trying to be In his Intimate space, O to 18 inches away from him, whereas it seemed that he did not want to be that close to her.After about 15 minutes, she finally got up, kicked his chair and left, which is subsequently her, which indicated he was over the argument and seemed relieve that she had left. By watching a couple for only about 15 minutes, I was able to pull out a lot of information as to how they were feeling and what situation they were in. Its golden to assume things about a couple and their relationship by simply paying attention to the minuscular details. Nonverbal communication is much more spontaneous and unintentional which means its a give away indicator of how someone in truth feels (129).Although they were speaking, their gestures, body m ovements and several other actors raise the conversation and allowed the other person to hold a better understanding of how they felt. For example, she make it clear to him that she was upset and angry and he made it very evident that he was not in the mood to get by and did not care what she was saying. It is very easy to understand a situation better when nonverbal communication is involved. This field study allowed to me to observe many aspects of nonverbal communication and apply them to the people in the nutrition court at my local mall.